A citation in the
text must clearly direct the reader to an exact source listed at the end of the
paper so that the reader can know the exact location from which the information
came. Because PaperToolsProª may provide you with more information than you
need to make a correct citation, review the following explanation of citation
formats, delete any unnecessary information, and make appropriate adjustments.
Using the authorÕs
name within the text of the paper often creates a smoother sentence and gives
more authority to the information than placing it in the parenthetical
citation. However, if the authorÕs name appears in the text, make sure you
include the remaining necessary information in parentheses following the idea
or quotation.
Modern Language
Association (MLA) style
(Smith 42)
If citing an entire work or citing a one-page work, do not include
a page number.
(Smith)
If the authorÕs name appears in the text, give only the page
number/s.
Smith disagrees with this viewÉ(42).
However, several situations exist which may have modifications
to this basic format.
If a source has more than one author with the same last
name, use the initials of the authorsÕ first names; if these are shared by the
two authors, use the full first names:
(J. Smith 42) and (S. Smith 298);
(John Smith 42) and (Joseph Smith 298)
If two or more authors are listed for a work, include all of
their last names; or if there are more than 3authors, give the first authorÕs last
name and et al.
(Smith, Jones, and Brown 244)
(Smith et al. 339-42)
If there is a corporate or government author, use its name shortened
or in full. Full name is best used in the text at least the first time.
(Apple Computer 74)
(National Institute of Mental Health
44)or (NIMH 44)
If there is no author or substitute, use a shortened or full
version of the title.
(Merriam-WebsterÕs Collegiate Dictionary
637)
If more than one work by the author is listed in the works cited
list, add a shortened or a complete title after the authorÕs name and a comma.
(Gibaldi, MLA Style Manual 239)
If the citation refers to a source that is one volume of a multi-volume
source, the volume and page numbers are included.
(Smith, vol. 3: 94)
If citing an electronic source, use authorÕs last name; if there
is no identifiable author, use the Web article title without a page number
since page numbers are not stable in this kind of source.
(Modern Language Association)
For other non print
sources (radio or TV programs, films, videos, sound recordings, artworks, maps,
charts, interviews or lectures), give only the title or author, which can be a
name like the interviewer, interviewee, director, performer, producer.
(M.A.S.H)
or (Alda)
American Psychological
Association (APA) style
For most sources,
give the authorÕs last name and year of publication separated by acomma, in
parentheses. If the entry begins with an editor, translator, or narrator, use
that name.
(Smith,
2002)
If the authorÕs name
appears in the text, give only the year.
Smith
disagrees with this view (2002).
However, several
situations exist which may have modifications to this basic format.
If more than one
author with the same last name is used, distinguish the sources by adding the initial
of the authorsÕ first names; if these are shared by the two authors, use the
full first names:
(J.
Smith, 2002) and (S. Smith, 2002) and
(John
Smith, 2002) and (Joseph Smith, 2002)
If two authors are
listed for a work, include both of their last names for every citation.
(Smith
and Jones, 2002)
If there are three,
four, or five authors, give the last names of all of the authors for the first
citation; if the source is cited again, use only the last name of the first
author followed by et al.
(Smith,
Jones, and Brown, 2002)
(Smith,
et al. 2002)
If the work has six
or more authors, cite the last name of the first author followed by a comma and
et al.
(Smith,
et al.)
If two citations with six or more authors are condensed to appear alike, give the surnames of the first author and as many additional subsequent names that are necessary to distinguish the two sources, followed bya comma and et al.
(Smith, Jones, Brown, White, Black, and Green, 2002)
(Smith, Jones, Corning, Petunia, Alberts, and Glass, 2002)
This would be shortened
to:
(Smith,
Jones, Brown, et al., 2002) and
(Smith,
Jones, Corning, et al., 2002)
If there
is a corporate or government author, use the full name each time it appears in
a citation. However, associations and government agencies are given as full
names in the first citation and can be abbreviated if citing the source again.
Make sure that the reader can easily locate that source in the reference list.
If the name is readily recognizable, use the full name in the first citation
and a shorter version in the following citations
First
citation: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2002)
Following
citation: (NIMH, 2002)
If there is no author
or substitute, use the first few words that begin the entry, which is usually a
title.
(Merriam-WebsterÕs
Collegiate Dictionary, 1998)
(ÒPractical
Uses,Ó 2002)
If more than one
work by the author is listed in the reference list, add a shortened or a complete
title after the authorÕs name and a comma.
(Smith,
The Biology of Frogs, 2002)
If citing an electronic
source, use authorÕs last name; if there is no identifiable author, use the Web
article title without a page number since page numbers are not stable.
(Modern
Language Association)
For other non print
sources (radio or TV programs, films, videos, sound recordings, artworks, maps,
charts, interviews or lectures), give only the title or author, which can be
names like the interviewer, interviewee, director, performer, producer.
(M.A.S.H)
or (Alda)
Legal sources:
For court cases,
cite the name of the case in italics and the year of the decision separated by a
comma.
(Smith
v. Jones, 2002)
For statutes, give
the popular or official name of the act and the year it was enacted separated
by a comma.
(Americans
With Disabilities Act, 1990)
American Chemical
Society (ACS) style:
The citation in the
text is a number in parentheses (1). Number the citations consecutively from
(1) to the last citation. In the list of references at the end of the paper,
put the same number in parentheses before the source to which the citation
refers. When your list of numbered references is complete, arrange them in
numerical order. This can readily be done in a word processing program using
the ÒSortÓ procedure.
Council
ofBiology Editors (CBE) style:
Follow the guidelines
used by the ACS except for the format of the numbers; use a number in
superscript1. If you refer to two sources in the citation, use the
two numbers in superscript1,2. If you refer to more than two sources
in the citation, use the first and last number separated by a hyphen in superscript
1-4. In the References page, do not put the corresponding numbers in
superscript, but rather use regular sized numbers, followed by a period and one
space.
American Association
for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) style:
This style, used
in the journal Science, uses the numbering method followed by ACS.
However, the numbers in the citation are put in italics (1) but not in
the References and Notes list at the end.
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS):
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) offers two different styles in which to document researched information. Use the CMS style for Humanities (CMS-H) when writing about research in the humanities fields, such as literature, history, and the arts; use the CMS author-date style for physical, natural, and social sciences (CMS-S). Below are sample citation entries for papers that include Bibliography for CMS-H or References and Works Cited for CMS-S. If these full lists of sources are not included in the final paper, then a completely formatted note or a parenthetical text citation in author-date style is necessary. Consult The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition or your school handbook or website for details to create these full citations from the information that PaperToolsProï uses to create bibliographies.
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS-H):
For most sources,
give the author last name, the title (a shortened version if it is long) in
italics, and the number of the page/s on which the information was found in
parentheses with a comma after each item. If the entry begins with an editor,
translator, or narrator, use that name.
(Smith,
Very Bad Prose, 42)
If citing an entire
work or citing a one-page work, do not include a page number.
(Smith,
Very Bad Prose)
If the author name
appears in the text, give only the page number/s.
Smith
disagrees with this view (42).
However, several
situations exist which may have modifications to this basic format.
If a source has
more than one author with the same last name, use the initials of the author
first names; if these are shared by the two authors, use the full first names:
(J.
Smith, Very Bad Prose, 42) and (S. Smith, Very Good Prose, 298);
(John
Smith, Very Bad Pros, 42) and (Joseph Smith, Very Good Prose,
298)
If two authors of
one source share the last name, use only their last names:
(Smith
and Smith, Very Good Prose, 298)
If two or more authors
are listed for a work, include all of their last names; or if there are more
than 3 authors, give the first authorÕs last name and et al.
(Smith,
Jones, and Brown, 244)
(Smith
et al., 339-42)
If there is a corporate
or government author, use its name shortened or in full. Full name is best used
in the text at least the first time.
(Apple
Computer, 74)
(National
Institute of Mental Health, 44) or (NIMH, 44)
If there is no author
or substitute, use a shortened or full version of the title.
(Merriam-WebsterÕs
Collegiate Dictionary,637)
If more than one
work by the author is listed in the works cited list, add a shortened or a complete
title after the authorÕs name and a comma.
(Gibaldi,
MLA Style Manual, 239)
If the citation refers
to a source that is one volume of a multi-volume source, the volume and page
numbers are included.
(Smith,
Very Good Prose, 3:94)
If citing an electronic
source, use authorÕs last name; if there is no identifiable author, use the Web
article title without a page number since page numbers are not stable in this
kind of source.
(Modern
Language Association)
The Chicago Manual
Style - Author-Date (CMS-S)
For most sources, give
the author last name, the year of publication without punctuation between them. If the entry begins with an editor,
translator, or narrator, use that name.
(Smith1998)
When citing a specific
page, its number follows the date and a comma.
(Smith
1998, 73)
However, several
situations exist which may have modifications to this basic format.
If a source has
more than one author with the same last name, use the initials of authorsÕ
first names; if these are shared by the two authors, use the full first names:
(J.
Smith 2001, 42) and (S. Smith 2000, 298);
(John
Smith 2001, 42) and (Joseph Smith, 2000 298)
If two authors of
one source share the last name, use only their last names:
(Smith
and Smith 2001, 298)
If two or more authors
are listed for a work, include all of their last names; or if there are more
than 3 authors, give the first authorÕs last name and et al.
(Smith,
Jones, and Brown 1999, 244)
(Smith
et al. 1999, 339-42)
If there is a corporate
or government author, use its name shortened or in full. Full name isbest used
in the text at least the first time.
(Apple
Computer 2003)
(National
Institute of Mental Health 2004) or (NIMH 2004)
If there is no author
or substitute, use a shortened or full version of the title.
(Merriam-WebsterÕs
Collegiate Dictionary2004, 637)
If the citation
refers to a source that is one volume of a multi-volume source, the volume and
page numbers are included.
(Smith2001,
3: 94)
If citing an electronic
source, use authorÕs last name; if there is no identifiable author, use the Web
article title without a page number since page numbers are not stable in this
kind of source.
(Modern
Language Association)
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